{"id":327,"date":"2023-07-09T09:19:53","date_gmt":"2023-07-09T09:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/preview.themeinwp.net\/blogboost\/?p=10"},"modified":"2026-08-04T23:33:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T23:33:53","slug":"socialism-in-burlington","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/?p=327","title":{"rendered":"Socialism in Burlington, Vermont: Implications for Social Welfare"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\r\n\/* Main post wrapper *\/\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data,\r\n.Wp-steven-books-data {\r\n    width: 100% !important;\r\n    max-width: 100% !important;\r\n    min-width: 0 !important;\r\n    box-sizing: border-box !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Keep Gutenberg blocks inside the content width *\/\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data .alignwide,\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data .alignfull,\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data .wp-block-columns,\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data .wp-block-column,\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data .wp-block-group,\r\n.Wp-steven-inner-data 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!important;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .Wp-steven-inner-data .wp-block-table table {\r\n        min-width: 680px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .Wp-steven-inner-data table th,\r\n    .Wp-steven-inner-data table td {\r\n        padding: 10px !important;\r\n        font-size: 15px !important;\r\n        line-height: 1.5 !important;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide Wp-steven-books-data inerrpageborder-book is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column Wp-steven-inner-data is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data post-summary-box is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9;font-size:17px\"><em><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">ABSTRACT:<\/mark><\/strong> The administration of socialist mayor Bernard Sanders of Burlington, Vermont (1981-1989) has had a major impact on the quality of life in the city. Based on an analysis of the Mayor&#8217;s YouthOffice, the Mayor&#8217;s Council on the Art, and the Burlington Women\u2019s<br>Council, the author concludes thatinnovative and expanded social welfare programming is possible when you have a progressively orientedadministrating at the municipal level.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left margion-zero letterBig-steven wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Bernard Sanders, the socialist mayor of Burlington, Vermont (population 38,000), finished eight years in office as of March 1989. When Sanders won an amazing ten-vote victory in 1981, few survived his first term in office, however, but went on to win decisive victories in three more mayoral races. And, running as an independent, Sanders almost won the 1988 Congressional race for Vermontr&#8217;s lone House seat and ran again in 1990. b<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\"> From 1980-1982, I served as the statewide organizer of the Vermont Alliance, a citizens\u201d action group of low and moderate-income people. With fascination, I watched Sanders\u201d rise to power. The Vermont Alliance\u2019s neighborhood groups in Burlington were tan-<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide margion-zero\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Steven D. Soifer is Assistant Professor of Planned Social Change at the School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195. He was formerly Executive Director for two statewide Citizens\u201d Action group,  groups, the Vermont Alliance and South Dakota ACRON (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now )<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column author-note-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\"><em>The author would like to thank Dick Wealthcare and Virginia Seneehal for reading and commenting on earlier drafts of this article.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><strong>Journa] of Progressive Human Services, Vol. 1(12) 1990 <br>\u00a9 1990 by The Haworth Press, Inc., All rights reserved. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 1<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background dashedLine is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#717171;color:#717171\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <strong><em>JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SERVICES<\/em><\/strong> <em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">genitally involved in Sanders\u2019 first mayoral campaign, and two Vermont Alliance members were elected to the Burlington Board of Alders along with him,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\"> The election of Vermont Alliance members to the Board of Alders and Sanders\u2019 mayoral victory in 1981 (which completely surprised just about everyone at the time) epitomizes the use of electoral politics to effect social change and bring about a just society in the United States. Human service workers, who belong to a profession that is interested in achieving social justice for all, have much to learn from the Burlington experience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Sanders voluntarily leaves office with a rich legacy behind him. He competently ran the local government, implemented innovative programs, championed working-class issues, and addressed foreign policy concerns. Rarely one to shy away from a good political fight, Sanders was a master politician. Yet he never distanced himself from his socialist roots, questioning the inequities of the U.S.\u2019s social, economic, and political systems whenever and wherever he could.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">Sanders\u201d (1985a) own definition of socialism envisions a society where poverty is absolutely unnecessary, where international relations are not based on greed but on cooperation, [and] . . . where human beings can own the means of production and work together rather than having to work as semi-slaves to other people who can hire and fire.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">My own definition of socialism is broader. Concern about class inequities is not enough. All other forms of oppression must also be confronted. Moreover, the process of how we bring about a socialist society is very important. Feminist process and participatory democracy must be part of our vision too. <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Implementing socialism on the municipal level is difficult, if not impossible, to do. So what can a locally elected socialist realistically accomplish? States Sanders (1985b):<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">I think what socialists do and should do in local politics is precisely talk about the inability of local government to deal with problems because of what goes on [at] the national and state level.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 2<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <strong><em>Steven D. Soifer<\/em><\/strong><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">To some degree, Sanders was able to inject his socialist perspective into policy decisions at the municipal level. Various programs he and his administration promoted had some socialist or feminist aspects, though few, if any, combined the two. Three Sanders ni- tiatives of relevance to human service workers \u2014the Mayor&#8217;s Youth Office, the Mayor\u2019s Council on the Arts, and the Burlington Wom- en\u2019s Council \u2014 will be examined to demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of a socialist administration and the impact on social services in Burlington.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center heading-main-blog has-vivid-red-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>MAYOR&#8217;STHE MAYOR\u2019S COUNCIL ON THE ARTS YOUTH OFFICE<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Sanders is not unusual in citing the disaffection of youth as a problem, but his unwavering commitment to programs designed by and for youth stands out. Jane Driscoll, coordinator of the Mayor&#8217;s Youth Office explained how it got started:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">In 1981, when Bernie campaigned for office for the first time, he said that he felt that the youth were disenfranchised, that they weren&#8217;t represented, and that not enough was being done by the city of Burlington for the Young people in our city. He felt that that was the responsibility of the city government. (Driscoll, 1985)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Just a few days after he was elected, Sanders created \u201ca task force on youth\u2019 to address their needs. After several months of study, the task force recommended the establishment of a Youth Office as a top priority for the incoming administration. Sanders supported the report\u2019s recommendations and urged Driscoll to approach the Burlington Board of Alders for support. The Board was receptive to the proposal and authorized *\u201can office, a desk, and a telephone. No money, we didn\u2019t ask for money\u201d (Driscoll, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">During 1981, Driscoll and the Youth Office promoted a lot of recreational activities for youth \u201cthat didn\u2019t cost anything\u201d to show it was possible and that the programs could be self-sufficient. The guiding philosophy of the first year was to be a \u201ccredible and visible\u2019\u2019 force in the community (Driscoll, 1985). But the modest beginnings of the Youth Office should not be mistaken for a lack of vision, which Driscoll described as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 3<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <em><strong>JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SERVICES&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center bg-red-data wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">The theory which guides the Youth Office is simple. We believe that in these difficult times, young people need help in developing a sense of belonging and a sense of involvement in their community. It is our view that kids turn to drugs, alcohol, and other self-destructive behavior only to fill 2 voids in their lives which occurs when they are unable to express their energies in creative and<br>fulfilling ways. We are attempting to provide our young people with affordable, accessible opportunities that develop competence, usefulness, and a sense of commitment. We are working to prevent delinquency by building neighborhoods and involving residents of all ages with each other in their community. (Annual Report, 1983, p. 56)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Since its beginnings, the Mayor&#8217;s Youth Office conducted a wide range of activities. The activities included an after-school program for aspiring young actors and actresses; an annual Kid&#8217;s Day fair; an annual Battle of the Band teen concert; the Building Understanding Between Seniors and Youth (BUSY) program: a nationally recognized tree planting program; a youth newspaper written and produced by young people themselves; the Burlington Youth Employment Program; a teen center planned, built, and run by teenagers; a little league baseball team in one of the city\u2019s poorer neighborhoods; and International Peace Workcamps (Annual Reports, 1982-1989). These programs provide an opportunity for young people to have a stronger voice in their community.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">One initiative stands out from all the others. During its 1983-1984 season, the Youth Office played an instrumental role in opening a private, non-profit daycare center in a city auditorium, Driscoll battled with the Board of Alders for six months before they consented to it. Even the daily newspaper editorialized against it. But her persistence paid off and the Burlington Children\u2019s Space was opened in short order. There is space for sixty children, and a long waiting list (Driscoll, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">The daycare center serves people from all class backgrounds but especially caters to low and moderate-income people. From its inception, the Board&#8217;s policy has been that half of the Center&#8217;s children should be from poor and working-class families. The daycare center is made affordable for all Burlingtonians by a sliding-scale<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 4<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right margion-zero has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <strong><em>Steven D. Soifer<\/em><\/strong><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">fee. Parents\u201d fees cover about 90 percent of the operating costs, and the other 10 percent comes from grants. Burlington also gives the daycare center a small break on the rent it pays for space leased from the city (Driscoll, 1985; Driscoll, 1990).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Driscoll (1985) feels that the daycare center is \u201cthe only social setting we\u2019ve been able to really get through.\u201d But is the provision of daycare really socialistic? Huck Gutman, a member of Burlington\u2019s Progressive Coalition,\u2019 thought so because \u201cdaycare programs . . . speak to. . . society&#8217;s obligations . . . to help people work and raise their children (Gutman, 1986). But John Varsames, a liberal Republican real estate developer in Burlington was wary of such interpretations:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">You can make it [day care} a socialist issue if you choose to call that socialist, but the fact is it\u2019s cheaper 10 get our kids into daycare and get single parents out working than it is to run around and put . . . those mothers or fathers on a welfare roll. &#8211; &#8211; So it\u2019s a good commitment for the city to make, (Varsa-mes, 1986)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">In 1988, the Mayor\u2019s Youth Office was actively involved in sponsoring a city-wide effort called the \u201cChild Care Initiative,\u201d an attempt to set up a Child Care Development Fund that would have helped low and moderate-income people defray the costs of daycare with a $600,000 tax levy on business properties. The measure, however, was soundly defeated by the voters because of organized opposition from the business community and an unfounded fear by voters that somehow the measure would increase their taxes (Annual Report, 1988; Driscoll, 1990).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Driscoll (1985) looks back at the accomplishments of the Youth Office and believes the effects will be long-lasting:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">You can make it (day care) a socialist issue if you choose to call that socialist, but the fact is it\u2019s cheaper 10 get our kids into daycare and get single parents out working than it is to run around and put . . . those mothers or fathers on a welfare roll. &#8211; &#8211; So it\u2019s a good commitment for the city to make, (Varsa-mes, 1986)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 5<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right margion-zero has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <em><strong>JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SERVICES&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">What role has the Youth Office played in Burlington? The 1989 Annual Report sums it up nicely:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Since the Youth Office began in 1981, it has identified the gaps in youth services and has acted as a catalyst to precipitate an effective response. . . . [T]he Youth Office has [not] been primarily a direct service provider. In fact, the primary strength and intent of the Youth Office is to  act as an advocate for youth, to effect changes in our society that benefit young people,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Are the Youth Office programs socialistic? The Youth Office engaged the talents and aspirations of a segment of the city\u2019s youth and made a real difference in the quality of life for young people and the city as a whole. It has clearly addressed the problems faced by youth from low and moderate-income families. Youth Office leadership has been important on the issue of daycare, which has socialist implications for the way society deals with its children. If not socialistic, the efforts of the Youth Office are a fine example of how to build toward a more productive society that utilizes the capacities, skills, and talents of all its members, and tries to prevent problems before they start, Human service workers concerned with youth issues can draw lessons from the programmatic accomplishments of Burlington\u2019s Youth Office. )<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">According to Driscoll (1985), the Youth Office was a major achievement of the Sanders administration, \u2018Highly visible, highly effective, and uncontroversial,\u201d the Youth Office helped contribute to Sanders\u201d re-election. Not only did it accomplish a lot, but through its \u201cMom and Apple Pie\u201d activities, the Youth Office proved that the administration did things\u2014good things\u2014 for the city.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center heading-main-blog has-vivid-red-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>THE MAYOR\u2019S COUNCIL ON THE ARTS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">In 1985, the Mayor&#8217;s Council on the Arts won a \u201clivability award\u201d for the city of Burlington from the U.S. Conference of Mayors for its excellent work. Then, in 1988, the Council played a major role in getting Burlington designated by the U.S. Conference of Mayors as one of the two most livable cities in <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 6<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right margion-zero has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <strong><em>Steven D. Soifer<\/em><\/strong><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\"> America with populations under 100,000 (Annual Reports, 1986 and 1988).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">According to Doreen Kraft, executive director of the Mayor\u2019s Council on the Arts from 1981-1985, the idea for the Arts Council came up shortly after Sanders\u201d election when the mayor-elect observed that poor people were unable to enjoy art in Burlington because most events were 100 expensive. Sanders also pointed out that many artists had a difficult time performing because there was a lack of affordable performance sites (Kraft, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">In response to Sanders\u201d interest in making art events accessible to poor and working people, Kraft helped initiate the Mayor\u2019s Council on the Arts. Very quickly, artists and the community expressed a great deal of enthusiasm. Among the first events organized were a free concert series in a city park, a successful waterfront festival, and local neighborhood festivals. The Ars Council also set up a municipal art gallery in City Hall, where it sponsored such contro- version exhibits as a show by the Artists for Nuclear Disarmament, which \u201cstirred a lot of people up [about] politics and the Arts Coun. cil\u201d and in its second year, 2 Hiroshima exhibit (Kraft, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Another innovative program that year was the Community Arts program, created to assist \u201clow-income people or underemployed artists whose projects reach out at the community level\u201d (Annual Report, 1984, p. 89). The $7500 program, funded with Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) money, gave small grants to local artists in need. The Arts Council saw it \u201cas something like the WPA [Works Progress Administration program of Franklin Delano Roosevelt], . . in which unemployed artists were paid to create (Green, 1983).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Over the next few Arts Council seasons, new events included the Discover Jazz Festival, the Nashfull Bash Country Music Festival, the Vermont Blues Festival, and the Senior Citizens Artas Program (which brought arts events to senior centers throughout the city). The Arts Council staged hundreds of events each year (many of which were free) attended by tens of thousands of people {Annual Reports, 1984-1989).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">During the 1987-1988 aris season, a new addition to the Council\u2019s repertoire was The Deep Focus Broadcast series, which engaged in alternative programming such as \u201cfilms from Cuba, daily<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 7<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><strong><em>&nbsp;| JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SERVICES&nbsp;|<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">television fare from Nicaragua \u2014 including game shows, soap operas, and a sort of \u201cManagua Vice\u201d style cop show \u2014and American documentaries on various topics relating to peace and nuclear war\u201d (Annual Report, 1988, p. 103).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Regarding the Arts Council\u2019s impact, there has been a \u201credefining [of] where art takes place . . . who art should be made for and [who art] should be given to\u201d (Kraft, 1985). However, the arts&#8217; relationship to radical change in a city like Burlington, Vermont is less clear:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">I knew it wasn\u2019t a matter of doing what\u2019s possible in Nicaragua or Cuba or in other countries where the whole state and priorities are turned around so that they are giving major support and every arm of government is involved in that cultural change. But I think the Arts Council and the Youth Office especially were able to plant the seeds for people to see that there [exists] an equality between people in this society. The whole class question . . . was demonstrated most visually and most dramatically by the issues raised with the Arts Council (and the Youth Office} in terms of the haves and the have-nots. Although I don\u2019t think there\u2019s been a \u201c\u2018radical\u2019\u201d transformation of local culture, it certainly has come a long way from where we began, when the only thing that was available in town was $18-$20 . . . tickets, and artists paying enormous fees for buildings, and always losing money and no money being given to low- income artists. (Kraft, 1985)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">By most accounts, the Mayor\u201ds Council on the Arts has been a huge success. It received praise from most quarters, including those that were often critical of the administration. Perhaps the most important accomplishment of the Arts Council has been to make art and culture accessible to people of all incomes. Clearly, the extent and diversity of the arts program in the city also has had some impact on the general consciousness of the population. Shows like the one on Hiroshima in City Hall, for instance, have raised people\u2019s awareness of the effects of nuclear war. The Arts Council has done little, if anything, that can be directly labeled socialist, but it has unquestionably furthered efforts toward a<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 8<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;| Steven D. Soifer&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\"> new, more egalitarian society. As part of the public domain and no longer the exclusive privilege of the middle and upper classes in the city, the arts have become less of a commodity and more of something to be created and enjoyed by everyone.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">The arts, and cultural work in general, are often overlooked by human service workers, yet they can have a profound effect on the quality of people\u2019s lives and the public\u2019s consciousness. Again, human service practitioners do have something to learn from the Burlington experience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center heading-main-blog has-vivid-red-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>MAYOR&#8217;S COUNCIL ON WOMEN\/ BURLINGTON WOMEN\u2019S COUNCIL<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">The Mayor\u2019s Council on Women, which changed its name to the Burlington Women\u2019s Council in 1985, began as a task force shortly after Sanders was elected mayor in 1981. Peggy Luhrs, who was hired in August 1985 to coordinate the Council\u2019s activities, provided an overall perspective on the dilemmas faced by the Council and why it did not experience the same kind of early success as its counterparts in the arts and with youth (Luhrs, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Luhrs (1985) said of her first interaction with the Council: &#8220;1 belonged 10 it\u2014 attempted to belong to it early on\u2014but it didn\u2019t [look] like the right organization for me at that time because of how disenchantment with the early Council:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">I think it must have first started with a lot of women who were very involved with the Sanders campaign . . . . The very first meeting I went to . . . women had come in 2nd set themselves up at the Aldermen&#8217;s table and Bernie came in and said he didn\u2019t like that, he wanted us all to sit at this long table, which we did, and [he] set himself up at the head. He later went into how . . . this was his Council, and he didn\u2019t want independent stuff coming from it, it would all have to reflect his policies. It was the Mayor\u2019s Council . . _ and so at that point, I felt . . . this wasn\u2019t a place that I was going 10 want to work because I would want to have independent ideas. (Luhrs, 1985)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 9<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <em><strong>JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SERVICES<\/strong><\/em> <em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">During its first two years, the Council had no official leader or coordinator. Instead, it ran more like a cooperative. Perhaps because of this structure, the number of activities was limited. In 1981, the Council held a Women\u2019s Health Day (Baley, 1981) in addition to sponsoring \u201c\u201cfree health clinics at the Community Health Center (1982 Annual Report, P- 52). The Council also sponsored a seven-day event called \u201cThe Balancing Act: Women and Their Work\u2019 (\u201c\u201cMayor\u2019s Council,\u201d 1982).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">The Mayors Council on Women was restructured in 1983. This was an important step in the Council\u2019s development and brought in an entirely new group of people, based on the decision that the Council should represent the diversity of women\u2019s groups. The current Women\u2019s Council has representatives from about 20 different women&#8217;s groups attending fairly regularly, plus anyone can come and be an at-large member. I think it\u2019s been really rather amazing that we&#8217;ve got this range from radical lesbians to business and professional women and we work on a consensus model. (Luhrs, 1985)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">After the Council\u2019s reorganization, it began to work on many different projects. Women\u2019s safety was a big concern, and the Whistlestop Program, the Women\u2019s Self-Defense Project, and the Sexual Assault Prevention Program were developed. Women and economic issues were another priority area. So the Council had Job Fair Days, set up a Women for Economic Justice Committee which helped secure passage of an affirmative action ordinance requiring a certain percentage of women to be hired for federally funded trade jobs, and created the Women\u2019s Consortium for the Construction of Housing. Numerous conferences on such topics as Women and the Law, War and Militarism, and Women Speakout Against Violence Against Women were held. Finally, the Council helped to dramatically increase the number of women appointed to city commissions (Annual Reports, 1983-1989; Luhrs, 1985: Adler 1985; Young-wood, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Luhrs (1985) perceived her role on the Council in the following way: \u201cMy priorities are really women and <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 10<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <strong><em>Steven D. Soifer<\/em><\/strong><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">generally progressive politics, but from a . . . feminist point of view. I don\u2019t trust capital-ism or socialism to take care of women.\u2019 While Sanders was good<br>on the issue of daycare, when it came to \u201cthe feminization of poverty\u201d or understanding the links between \u201csocialism and workers and women,\u201d he didn\u2019t make the necessary connections (Luhrs,1985). The lack of funding in the early years was a reflection of the administration&#8217;s priorities. \u201c\u201cThe Council wasn\u2019t one of the major priorities in terms of Bernie&#8217;s personal interest. I think he was more interested in the Arts Council and the Youth Council happening (Luhrs, 1985). However, after the Council was reorganized in 1983, the Mayor moved from being \u201csomewhat threatened\u201d to being more open to women\u2019s initiatives. In recent years, Sanders has played a generally positive role in helping the Council obtain funding from the city (Luhrs, 1985).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">There haven\u2019t been large political differences between the Sanders administration and the women\u2019s community but tensions exist. In Luhrs&#8217; (1985). view,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-red-data insight-box has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fef8f9\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\">The kinds of things I would hear in the women\u2019s community have to do more with style\u2014have to do with the feeling of a rather unilateral decision-making style and that women\u2019s issues aren\u2019t going to be the first thing to come up in the administration. , . . There\u2019s just a perception . . , \u201cYeah, socialism, but I seem to be the same sort of hierarchy with a man at the head.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Jennie (Stoler) Versteeg, an economics professor at a local college, hit the mark by saying that Sanders\u2019 primary focus on class analysis prevented him from taking women\u2019s issues as seriously as he should. His orthodox Marxist position defines the struggles of women (and others) as secondary to the class struggle. However, Sanders has moved forward in his dealings with women and women\u2019s issues, and this may ultimately influence his analysis (Versteeg, 1986).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Due to autonomy questions in relation to City Hall, the Burlington Women\u2019s Council got off to a slow start. Since distancing itself from the Sanders administration, the Council has gained some momentum and is engaged in some important work. The separation of the Women\u2019s Council from the Mayor\u2019s <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 10<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <em><strong>JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SERVICES&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\"> the office may enhance its long-term survival.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">The Women\u2019s Council, more than the Youth and Arts Council, has raised important questions concerning the movement toward a democratic socialist society, The inherent contradictions between patriarchy and socialist feminism were made clear in the initial relations between Sanders and the Mayor\u2019s Council on Women. While some of these issues were resolved, leading to the formation of the Burlington Women\u2019s Council, some outstanding ones still remained. Thus, while there are many possibilities for women\u2019s liberation under a socialist administration, in practice, in Burlington it has been difficult 10 attain.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Human service workers have much to learn from the experience of the Burlington Women\u2019s Council. Attention to alternative programs designed for women, the degree to which they are supported by local government (including a socialist one), and the process by which they are implemented are all important considerations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center heading-main-blog has-vivid-red-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">There is little doubt that the Sanders administration did much to improve the quality of life for Burlingtonians. In the arts and for youth, the Mayor has championed issues that have enriched many residents\u201d lives. That Sanders had some extremely competent people 10 help him accomplish this does not diminish his personal contribution in this area.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Other efforts have met with more limited success or failure. Sanders\u201d record with regard to women\u2019s issues is mixed. Over time, he seems to have heightened his consciousness around women\u2019s concerns. But there was little if any, change in process and decision-making issues within his administration,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Electoral politics can provide opportunities for progressive social change. While there was a retrenchment in social welfare programs on the national level during the Reagan years, innovative and expanded social welfare programming occurred on the municipal level in Burlington, Vermont. On youth and women\u2019s issues and in the arts, Sanders\u201d election allowed progressives to assume important leadership roles and to competently administer exciting new programs that made a real difference<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 11<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide dashedLine\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right margion-zero has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em> <strong><em>Steven D. Soifer<\/em><\/strong><em><strong>&nbsp;|<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\"> in many people&#8217;s lives. The Sanders administration created opportunities for innovative programming and implemented new, high-quality programs, often at little or no cost.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Quality of life concerns are very important when we consider the movement toward a feminist socialist society. while few of these accomplishments by the Sanders administration, in their own right, can be considered socialist, cumulatively they begin to challenge traditional cultural hegemony. Traditional assumptions about what youth are capable of, who the arts should be for, and how services should be provided to women were constantly questioned. Young people can be productive members of society; art can be made accessible to poor and working-class people; and women can decide for themselves what kinds of programs and services they would like to see in the community.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Socialist concerns are typically framed in economic and political terms, and pay less attention to the quality of the issues. The fact that the Sanders administration experimented with and broadened the scope of human service programs in Burlington is encouraging, for they must be on a democratic-socialist agenda if positive change in society is to be accomplished.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:19px\">Human service workers can discover something about the possibilities of social service programs in a future democratic socialist U.S. society by studying the Burlington, Vermont experience. Involvement by human service workers in efforts to select progressive politicians to local (as well as state and national) officers can make an enormous difference in the quality and quantity of social services offered in the country.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center heading-main-blog has-vivid-red-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>NOTES<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"NumberNumeric wp-block-list\">\r\n<li style=\"font-size:19px\">To avoid the use of sexist language, I refer to Burlington&#8217;s Board of Aldermen as the Board of Alders in the text.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li style=\"font-size:18px\"> I did my doctoral dissertation at the Heller Scholl, Brandeis University. on the Sanders administration, examining whether or not having a socialist mayor made a difference in the policies implemented by the administration. The dissertation, completed in 1988, is entitled Electoral Politics and Social Change: The Case of Burlington, Vermont. Dissertation Abstracts International,  49,2420A-2421A.(University Microfilms No. 88-19,289). It will be published as a book by Bergin and Garvey (a division of Praeger Publishers) and titled The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li style=\"font-size:19px\">I did my doctoral dissertation at the Heller Scholl, Brandeis University. on the Sanders administration, examining whether or not having a socialist mayor made a difference in the policies implemented by the administration. The dissertation, completed in 1988, is entitled Electoral Politics and Social Change: The Case of Burlington, Vermont. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49,2420A-2421A.(University Microfilms No. 88-19,289). It will be published as a book by Bergin and Garvey (a division of Praeger Publishers) and titled The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li style=\"font-size:19px\">The Burlington Progressive Coalition is the progressive electoral movement that formed around, the election of Bernie Sanders in 1981. As of March 1989, the Progressive Coalition had control of six out of the thirteen seats on the Board of Alders.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff5656;font-size:14px\">Page 12<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center heading-main-blog has-vivid-red-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Adler<\/strong>, T. (1985, November 24). The conference discusses violence against women. The Burlington Free Press archives.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Baley<\/strong>, S. (1981, August 12). Women&#8217;s Council plans *\u2018health day.\u201d The Burlington Free Press archives.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>City <\/strong>of Burlington Vermont. (1982). 117th annual report for the year ending June 30, 1982. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>City <\/strong>of Burlington Vermont. (1983). 118th annual report for the year ending June 30, 1983. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>City <\/strong>of Burlington Vermont. (1984). 119th annual report for the year ending June 30, 1984. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>City <\/strong><em>of Burlington Vermont. (1985). 120th annual report for the year ending June 30, 1985. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>City <\/strong><em>of Burlington Vermont. (1986). 127th annual report for the year ending June 30, 1986. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>City <\/strong>of Burlington Vermont. (1987). 122nd annual report for the year ending June 30, 1987. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>City <\/strong>of Burlington Vermont. (1988). 123rd annual report for the year ending June 30, 1988. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>City <\/strong>of Burlington Vermont. (1989). Preliminary annual report for the year ending June 30, 1989. Burlington, VT: Author.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Driscoll<\/strong>, J. (1985, November 7). Interview with Jane Driscoll, director, Mayor&#8217;s Youth Office, Burlington, VT.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Driscoll<\/strong>, J. (1990, January 2). Phone interview with Jane O&#8217;Meara Sanders, director, Mayor\u2122s Youth Office, Seattle, WA. (Driscoll married Bernard Sanders in 1988.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Green<\/strong>, S. (1983, October 6). Burlington gets 2 city-sized WPA. The Burlington Free Press archives.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Gutman<\/strong>, H. (1986, February 3). Interview with Huck Gutman, Progressive Coalition member, English professor, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.<br><strong>Kraft<\/strong>, D. (1985, December 5). Interview with Doreen Kraft, former director, Mayor\u2019s Council on the Arts, Burlington, VT.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Luhrs<\/strong>, P. (1985, December 12). Interview with Peggy Luhrs, the coordinator, Burlington Women&#8217;s Council, Burlington, VT.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Mayor&#8217;s <\/strong>Council to hold a series of events for working women. (1982, January 14), The Burlington Free Press archives.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Sanders<\/strong>, B. (1985a, October 17). Interview with Bernie Sanders Burlington, VT.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Sanders<\/strong>, B. (1985b, December 12). Interview with Bernie Sanders<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Varsames<\/strong>, J. (1986, Aprit 14). Interview with John Varsames, real estate developer, Northshore Development, Inc., Burlington, VT.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Versteeg<\/strong>, J. (Stoler) (1986, May 22). Interview with Jenni professor, St. Michael\u2019s College, Colchester, VT.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><em><strong>Youngwood<\/strong>, S. (1985, November 30). City seeks war women. The Burlington Free Press archives.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column topbbar-pdf margion-zero is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column margion-zero is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\">\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center margionZero wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:13px\">Socialism in Burlington, Vermont: Implications for Social Welfare<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column margion-zero is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><div class=\"has-text-align-right margionZero wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2023-07-09T09:19:53+00:00\">July 9, 2023<\/time><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ABSTRACT: The administration of socialist mayor Bernard Sanders of Burlington, Vermont (1981-1989) has had a major impact on the quality of life in the city. Based on an analysis of the Mayor&#8217;s YouthOffice, the Mayor&#8217;s Council on the Art, and the Burlington Women\u2019sCouncil, the author concludes thatinnovative and expanded social welfare programming is possible when [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10075,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=327"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/327\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10082,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/327\/revisions\/10082"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10075"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stevensoifer.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}